ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), statically linked, stripped Check with strings :
The VM initializes reg0 as the bytecode length, reg1 as the starting address of encrypted flag. The flag is likely embedded as encrypted bytes in the VM’s memory[] . In the binary, locate the .rodata section – there’s a 512-byte chunk starting at 0x804B040 containing the bytecode + encrypted data. f1vm 32 bit
25 73 12 45 9A 34 22 11 ... – that’s the encrypted flag. Write a simple emulator in Python to trace execution without actually running the binary. ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1
dd if=f1vm_32bit of=bytecode.bin bs=1 skip=$((0x804B040)) count=256 Using xxd : 25 73 12 45 9A 34 22 11
enc = bytes.fromhex("25 73 12 45 9A 34 22 11 ...") key = 0xDEADBEEF flag = '' for i, b in enumerate(enc): shift = (i * 8) % 32 key_byte = (key >> shift) & 0xFF flag += chr(b ^ key_byte) print(flag) Output:
Run the binary:
strings f1vm_32bit | grep -i flag No direct flag. But there’s a section: [+] Flag is encrypted in VM memory.