Zupaytheriumrex [1080p — 2K]

From Zupay (Mapudungun: "demon" or "evil spirit") + therium (Greek: "beast"). Species epithet rex (Latin: "king").

After a thorough search of major biological databases (including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature),

Zupaytherium rex demonstrates that large predatory mammals evolved independently in Gondwana near the end of the Cretaceous. The presence of a 50+ kg mammal in the Allen Formation suggests that terrestrial food webs were more complex than previously recognized, with mammals occupying the 30–60 kg predator niche typically filled by small abelisauroid theropods in other Gondwanan faunas.

MPCN-PV-9876, an associated partial skeleton including a right dentary with m1–m3, a fragmentary maxilla with M2–M4, axis vertebra, and partial right femur. zupaytheriumrex

Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758 Eutriconodonta Kermack, Mussett & Rigney, 1973 Gobiconodontidae Chow & Rich, 1984 Zupaytherium gen. nov.

Cerro Cóndor Norte, Río Negro Province, Argentina; Allen Formation (Campanian–Maastrichtian, ~75–68 Ma).

A parsimony analysis of 45 craniodental characters and 21 taxa recovers Zupaytherium within a monophyletic Gobiconodontidae as the sister taxon to Repenomamus giganticus from the Early Cretaceous of China. The South American taxon shares with Repenomamus a deep dentary, enlarged canine-like anterior premolars, and reduced postdentary trough. From Zupay (Mapudungun: "demon" or "evil spirit") +

M. L. Chimento¹, F. A. Agnolin¹², and N. R. Chimento³ ¹Laboratorio de Anatomía Comparada y Evolución de los Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia," Buenos Aires, Argentina ²Fundación de Historia Natural "Félix de Azara," Buenos Aires, Argentina ³Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Argentina

We thank the Museo Carmen Funes for access to collections.

Below is a written in the format of a formal paleontological journal, using the name Zupaytherium rex as a hypothetical new genus and species. This is for illustrative/educational purposes to show how a real paper would be structured. Hypothetical Journal Article Title: A new large-bodied eutriconodontan mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia: Implications for predatory niche occupation in Gondwanan ecosystems The presence of a 50+ kg mammal in

We describe a new genus and species of large-bodied eutriconodontan mammal, Zupaytherium rex gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) Allen Formation of Río Negro Province, Argentina. The holotype consists of a partial skull, dentary, and associated postcranial remains (MPCN-PV-9876). Zupaytherium is characterized by robust, sectorial cheek teeth with three main cusps in a straight line, a deep masseteric fossa, and an estimated body mass of 45–60 kg, making it one of the largest Mesozoic mammals known from South America. Phylogenetic analysis places it within the eutriconodontan family Gobiconodontidae. The discovery extends the temporal and geographic range of large predatory mammals into the uppermost Cretaceous of Gondwana and suggests that mammals competed directly with small theropod dinosaurs for apex mesopredator roles.

Zupaytherium rex extends the ecological range of Mesozoic mammals and reinforces the view that non-therian mammals achieved large body sizes and apex predatory roles prior to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.